Binary

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Questions:
a) Define the terms bit, nibble, byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte & terabyte.
       
          Bit            =      a binary digit 1 or 0
          Nibble      =      4 bits (half a byte)
          Byte         =      8 bits
          Kilobyte   =      1024 bytes
          Megabyte =      1024 kilobytes
          Gigabyte  =      1024 megabytes
          Terabyte   =      1024 gigabytes

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Instruction Set

"the complete set of all the instructions in machine code that can be recognized and executed by a central processing unit."

a great iPad app that I highly recommend as an example of this is 'Hand Basic'

Binary, Hex and ASCII.

Binary is made up of 1's and 0's.
The most common use of binary is 8-bit binary.
Which goes right to left in the order 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128
167 in 8-bit Binary would be

128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1
1     | 0   | 1   | 0   | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1

Hex goes in sets of 16
so the Hex number 32 the 3 stands for 3 sets of 16 (48) and 2 extra so that would be 50
A=10 B=11 C=12 D=13 E=14 F=15

ASCII conversion table below |
                                                V

The Denary Number is : 167
The Binary is : 10100111
The Hex is : A7
The ASCII is : Den - 495455
                        Hex - 313637
                        Bin - 0011 0001  0011 0110 0011 0111

Secondary Storage

Secondary Storage is a cloud storage or a portable storage like a usb stick or a cloud storage website. We need secondary storage to use as a backup for our computer or to use for portability.

The need for Input, Output & Specialist Needs Devices

Input

An input into a computer is something as simple as your movement of the mouse or pressing some keys on a keyboard. Input is everywhere around us, it varies from anywhere between sensors in a washing machine to changing the temperature dial. Input is basically you doing something. 

Output 

Output is basically the system's response to your input. This can be you moving the mouse and the cursor moving on the monitor.

Specialist Needs

It is for example a brailic keyboard, or basically something that is specifically made for a certain purpose. Its need is to help people that cannot control things otherwise. Like Stephen Hawking's brain controlled wheelchair.

And-Not & Or-Not Gates

These are 'And Not' and 'Or Not' gates. With the or gates either switch 1 or 2 have to be live in order for the lightbulb to be on however once it passes through the not gate the outcome is the opposite to what was the input. With the and gates both switches have to be on in order for the lightbulb to be on however once it passes through the not gate the output is the opposite to what was the input.

Hardware

The purpose of a CPU

The CPU is often called 'the brain of the computer' The purpose of it is to process data. It is where all of your searching, sorting and decision making takes place. No matter what you have done on your computer the CPU has dealt with everything. Also the CPU follows the 'Fetch, Decode, Execute Cycle'

Key Components of a processing unit 

Key Components of a Processing Unit 

For a great explanation -> click here <-

Computer Systems

A Computer System

A system is a set of things that work together, part of a network or something similar. 

Input Process Output

A system also includes an Input-Process-Output. For example in a car the input would be the drivers' action, the process would be that command being processed by the ECU (electronic control unit) and finally the output would be the computer controlled asset to the car being activated and used.

Reliability

'A failing computer system can be a problem in some settings, but its catastrophic in others.' Knowing that a computer system is reliable gives an enormous sense of relief to people for example Planes. People need to that the computer system in a plane is reliable, otherwise the planes have the potential to fall out of the sky. That would end up costing the airlines fortunes which in turn effects the software owners/sellers/distributers, and then the technology world would take a hit because computer software businesses would end up out of business. 

Standards

Proprietary Standards

"These are standards that are owned by a company. For example, any software that runs under windows must handle in a certain way, communicate with the operating system in defined ways and work with a defined interface."

Industry Standards

"Some standards are agreed across the computing industry. Many of these relate to hardware and allow easy interconnection between devises (usb)"

De facto Standards

"Some standards just develop through common usage until they become the accepted way of making or doing things. HTML started life as a de facto standard and as it gained in popularity, it eventually became de jure which means you must adopt it if you communicate with anybody else.